Английский язык - готовые работы

Контрольная работа № 5 по английскому языку. Вариант № 2.

Задание Задание № 1.

Перепишите предложения, подчеркнув придаточные предложения. Укажите тип придаточного предложения и переведите их на русский язык.
Example: For a long time Bell couldn’t get the results that he was looking for. Белл
1. A classic example of applying abstract scientific principles to create a new field of technology was provided by three physicists who invented the transistor in 1948.
2. He explained that first of all, we should press the button.
3. It is said that optical technology is most effective and versatile.
4. Groucho Mars once asked a club to accept his resignation because he didn’t want to belong to any club that would accept him as a member.
5. In 1906 the American inventor Lee De Forest transformed the diode into a device that he called an audion, modern name of which is triode
6. The later development of the integrated circuit set into motion the continuing miniaturization of all electronic devices, which has at the same time increased their speed and computing power.
7. I wonder whose code is still used in some modern teletype machines.
8. They orbit the earth at a speed that allows them to stay above the same place on the earth at all time.

Задание № 2.

Перепишите предложения, переведите их на русский язык и определите функции should, would в предложениях.
Example: We should introduce this method if it were efficient
1. A magnet would attract pieces of iron.
2. We knew that we should finish our work in time.
3. If I knew enough about the machine I should mend it myself.
4. Alice thinks that we should avoid driving through the centre of town.
5. It is inappropriate that they should be given the award again.
6. He should have driven more carefully.
7. If the student had been more careful during the experiment, he wouldn’t have broken the instrument
8. The manual says that the computer should be disconnected from the mains before the cover is removed.
9. I think the government should do more to help homeless people.
10. Scientists said that many of devices would evolve into more versatile equipment.
11. Mary wouldn’t sing for me, even though I often asked her to.
12. I wish you would write down these data.

Задание № 3.

Перепишите предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
Example: As a married man he has to think of the future
We had to work all the way as (because) we had no money for fares
Wireless network use either infrared or radio frequency transmissions to link these mobile computers to networks.
Because of their small size transistors make it possible to produce devices which can not be made with vacuum tubes
In 1921 Einstein got his Nobel Prize not for the theory of relativity but for a logic explanation of photoelectric effect.
At present plastics as well as metals are widely used in various branches of industry.
Since the moon is the nearest body to the Earth, we know more about it than we know about any other planet.
Both silicon and germanium are semiconductors.
Neither of the possible ways is simple.

Работа над текстом

I. Прочитайте текст. Постарайтесь понять его содержание. Выполните задания после текста.
Hard Disk

1. A hard disk drive (HDD, also formerly known as a fixed disk drive) is a device which stores data on rapidly rotating disks with magnetic surfaces.
Hard drives record information by magnetizing a magnetic material in a pattern that represents the data. They read the data back by detecting the magnetization of the material. A typical hard disk drive design consists of a spindle which holds one or more flat circular disks called platters, onto which the data is recorded. The platters are made from a non-magnetic material, usually glass or aluminum, and are coated with a thin layer of magnetic material. Older drives used iron (III) oxide as the magnetic material, but current drives use a cobalt-based alloy.
2. The platters are spun at very high speeds. Information is written to a platter as it rotates past mechanisms called read-and-write heads that fly very close over the magnetic surface. The read-and-write head is used to detect and modify the magnetization of the material immediately under it. There is one head for each magnetic platter surface on the spindle, mounted on a common arm. An actuator arm moves the heads on an arc across the platters as they spin, allowing each head to access almost the entire surface of the platter as it spins.
3. The magnetic surface of each platter is divided into many small sub-micrometer-sized magnetic regions, each of which is used to encode a single binary unit of information. In today's hard drives each of these magnetic regions is composed of a few hundred magnetic grains. Each magnetic region forms a magnetic dipole which generates a highly localized magnetic field nearby. The write head magnetizes a magnetic region by generating a strong local magnetic field nearby. Early hard drives used the same inductor that was used to read the data as an electromagnet to create this field. Today, thin film heads are most common. With these later technologies, the read and write head are separate mechanisms, but are on the same actuator arm.
4. Hard drives have a mostly sealed enclosure that protects the drive internals from dust, condensation, and other sources of contamination. The hard disk's read-write heads fly on an air bearing which is a cushion of air only nanometers above the disk surface. The disk surface and the drive's internal environment must therefore be kept immaculate to prevent damage from fingerprints, hair, dust, smoke particles and such, given the sub-microscopic gap between the heads and disk.
5. Using rigid platters and sealing the unit allows much tighter tolerances than in a floppy disk. Consequently, hard disks can store much more data than floppy disks and access and transmit it faster. In 2006, a typical workstation hard disk might store between 80 GB and 1Tb of data, rotate at 7,200 to 10,000 revolutions per minute (RPM), and have a sequential media transfer rate of over 50 MB/s. The fastest workstation and server hard drives spin at 15,000 RPM, and can achieve sequential media transfer speeds up to and beyond 80 MB/s.
II. Укажите какие из данных утверждений соответствуют содержанию текста.
III. Выберите правильные ответы на вопросы.
IV. Прочитайте предложения. Выберите правильный вариант перевода.
Read-and-write heads fly very close over the magnetic surface
The read-and-write head is used to detect and modify the magnetization of the material immediately under it.
Hard disks can store much more data than floppy disks and access and transmit it faster.
V. Переведите письменно абзацы 2 – 4 текста.

Контрольная работа № 2 по английскому языку. Вариант № 4. 

Задание 1.
Перепишите предложения; подчеркните в каждом глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (В) обратите внимание на особенности перевода пассивных конструкций:
А. 1. Today the manufacturing sector and the small primary sector are employing even fewer people.
2. London has been an important centre for finance for many years.
Б. 1. Less than a third of shares in the London stock market are owned by private individuals.
2. In the late 1930s and 1940s energy and transport industries were nationalised under huge state-owned corporations.

Задание 2.
Перепишите предложения; подчеркните Participle 1,2 и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, будет ли оно определением, обстоятельством или составной частью глагола-сказуемого; предложения переведите:
1. Britain excels in the field of scientific and technological innovation, spending about 13.5000 million pounds a year on research development conducted in industry.
2. Genetics researchers in Britain have identified genes linked to dangerous diseases.
3. While expanding oil and gas industries, Great Britain excels today in high-technologies industries like chemicals, aerospace, electronics.
4. This part of Britain when used for farming had a lot of advantages.

Задание 3.
Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол и его эквивалент:
1. About 100.000 Britons can use Internet, a global computer network, linked by the international telephone system.
2. The well developed transport infrastructure may be improved by the new Channel Tunnel, linking Britain's rail network to that of the European mainland.
3. The wide Britain's application of new microelectronic technologies should be used in industry and commerce.
4. All children in Britain up to the age 16 must by law receive full-time education.
Задание 4.
Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 3 абзац текста.

BUSINESS AND THE ECONOMY PATTERNS OF CHANGE
1. A nation's industries can be divided into three sectors of activity. The primary sector is concerned with raw materials such as cereals and minerals. Processing these materials is the field of the manufacturing sector. The service sector provides services of various kinds such as transport or distribution, but does not manufacture goods. The construction industry can be thought of either as part of the manufacturing sector, or as a separate fourth sector.
2. Earlier in its history, Britain had a very large manufacturing sector. Food, fuel and raw materials such as cotton were imported in large quantities and paid for with finished goods manufactured in Britain, it was known as "the workshop of the world". Today, the manufacturing sector and the small primary sector are employing even fewer people. For example, during the first half of the 1980s the mining and energy industries lost 20 per cent of their jobs. This was mainly through increases in productivity, so that fewer workers were producing the same output more efficiently. Productivity rose by 14 per cent in the same period in British industry as a whole, although it had previously been low by comparison with other advanced industrial nations. Meanwhile service industries like banking and catering were expanding their workforce.
3. Britain has a mixed economy, based partly on state ownership but mainly on private enterprise. In the mid-eighties the private sector accounted for 72 per cent of total employment and 74 per cent of the goods and services produced in Britain. Government policy throughout the 1980s was to sell stateowned industries such as British Telecom and British Airways to private investors, thereby further increasing the size of the private sector.

Актуальность данной темы заключается в том, что переводчик сталкивается с проблемой перевода реалий очень часто. Реалии, относясь к несовпадающим элементам языка, обозначая понятия, чуждые для других культур, всегда представляют в процессе перевода особую сложность. Эти сложности, с другой стороны обеспечивают интерес к данной проблеме.
Цель: провести анализ способов передачи английских реалий при переводе оригинальных текстов с английского языка на русский.
Исходя из цели исследования, решались следующие задачи:
1.На теоретическом уровне:
- проанализировать наиболее важные положения лингвострановедения, психолингвистики, общие лингвистические положения, позволяющие выработать теоретические и методо¬логические установки для проведения лингвокультуроведческого сопоставле¬ния английского и русского языков;
- определить понятие термина "реалия";
- рассмотреть существующие классификации реалий;
- рассмотреть приемы передачи реалий при переводе.
2. На практическом уровне:
- выявить английские реалии в оригинальных текстах рассказов О' Генри и Вальтера Скотта;
- определить принадлежность выявленных реалий к определенным лексическим категориям;
- соотнести реалии в оригинальных текстах с реалиями в переводных текстах;
- установить и обосновать основные закономерности передачи английских реалий при переводе на русский язык.
Материалом для исследования послужили рассказы О' Генри из сборников "Четыре миллиона", "Сердце Запада", "Благородный жулик" и знаменитое произведение В. Скотта "Айвенго", как оригинальные, так и переводные; исследования отечественных и зарубежных переводоведов и лингвистов; справочные пособия, словари и энциклопедии.
В качестве основных ме¬тодов исследования применялись:
- метод сопоставительного анализа, позволяющий выявлять английские реалии как едини¬цы английского языка, детерминирующие национально-культурную специфику английского языка и не имеющие коррелятов в русском;
- метод компонентного анализа словарных дефиниций, позволяющий выяв¬лять семантические взаимосвязи английских реалий.
 

Английский язык - Вариант 8

Задание 1.
Укажите номера предложений, в которых окончание «-s» является показателем: a) множественного числа имени существительного; b) притяжательного падежа имени существительного; c) глагола в 3-м лице ед.числа Present Simple.
1. The Italian government showed no interest in young Marconi’s invention
2. Scientists and engineers working in the nuclear industry have to cope with many complex problems.
3. According to the time-table, the train gets in at half past eight.
Задание 2.
Укажите номера предложений, в которых указательные местоимения this, these, that, those выступают как заместители ранее упомянутых существительных. Назовите эти существительные.
1. Consumption of bread and potatoes is decreasing steadily while that of sugar is increasing despite doctors’ recommendations.
2. The new technologies that are being developed must be connected with traditional ones.
3. These devices are more reliable than those designed in our laboratory.
Задание 3.
Укажите номера предложений, в которых встречаются сравнительные конструкции, имеющие значение: a) такой же, … как;
b) не такой, … как; с) чем; d) чем … тем.
1. Their operating system is considered by many people to be a better product than Microsoft’s.
2. The higher the voltage, the higher the electron velocity.
3. His hands were as cold as ice.
4. These engines are not so powerful as those motors
Задание 4.
Read the text. Then read the titles. Which of the following titles is the best?
a) From the History of Mainframes.
b) From the History of Personal Computers.
c) From the History of Xerox Corporation.
d) From the History of Digital Research.
Задание 5.
Read the text again. Choose the best sentence from the list below to complete each gap.
1. In 1952, a major computing company took a decision to get out of the business of making mainframe computers. They believed that there was only a market for four mainframes in the whole world. That company was IBM.
2. In 1980, IBM decided that there was a market for 250,000 PCs, so they set up a special team to develop the first IBM PC. It went on sale in 1981 and set a world-wide standard for IBM – compatibility which, over the next ten years, was only seriously challenged by one other company, Apple Computers. Since then, over seventy million PCs made by IBM and other manufactures have been sold.
3. The history of the multi-billion dollar PC industry has been one of mistakes. Xerox Corporation funded the initial research on personal computers in their Palo Alto Laboratory in California. However, the company failed to capitalize on this work, and the ideas that they put together went into the operating system developed for Apple’s computers.
4. The first IBM PC was developed using existing available electrical components. When IBM were looking for an operating system, they went initially to Digital Research, who were market leaders in command- based operating systems When the collaboration between IBM and Digital Research failed, IBM turned to Bill Gates to write their operating system.
5. Bill Gates founded Microsoft on the basis of the development of MS/DOS, the initial operating system for the IBM PC. Digital Research have continued to develop their operating system, DR/DOS, and it is considered by many people to be a better product than Microsoft’s. However, without an endorsement from IBM, it has become a minor player in the market.
6. The cost of buying the hardware has come down considerably as the machines have become commodity items. Large companies are considering running major applications on PCs, something which, ten years ago, no one would have believed possible of a PC. In contrast, many computers in people’s homes are just used to play computer games.
7. The widespread availability of computers has in all probability changed the world forever. The microchip technology which made the PC possible has put chips not only into computers, but also into washing-machines and cars. Some books may never be published in paper form, but may only be made available as part of public databases. Networks of computers are already being used to make information available on a world-wide scale.
a) these are operating systems in which the users type in commands to perform a function.
b) Over this period, PCs have become commodity items.
c) Novell, the leaders in PC networking, now own Digital Research, so things may change.
d) The following year they reversed their decision.
e) This was a graphical interface: using a mouse, the user clicks on icons which represent the function to be performed.
Задание 6.
Choose the best answer to these questions according to the text.
1. How many mainframes did IBM think it was possible to sell in 1952?
a) a hundred,
b) four,
c) 250,000.
2. Which company was IBM only contested by?
a) Xerox Corporation,
b) Digital Research,
c) Apple Computers.
3. Who paid for the first research into PCs?
a) IBM,
b) Novell,
c) Xerox Corporation.
4. Which company later used the results of this research?
a) IBM,
b) Apple Computers,
c) Novell.
5. Which company turned to Bill Gates to write their operating system?
a) IBM,
b) Apple Computers,
c) Digital Research.
Задание 7.
Translate paragraphs 1 and 2 into Russian.
1. In 1952, a major computing company took a decision to get out of the business of making mainframe computers. They believed that there was only a market for four mainframes in the whole world. That company was IBM.
2. In 1980, IBM decided that there was a market for 250,000 PCs, so they set up a special team to develop the first IBM PC. It went on sale in 1981 and set a world-wide standard for IBM – compatibility which, over the next ten years, was only seriously challenged by one other company, Apple Computers. Since then, over seventy million PCs made by IBM and other manufactures have been sold.

Вариант 1
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием - s, то есть служит ли оно: а) признаком множественного числа имени существительного; б) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа в Present Indefinite; в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного. Переведите предложения.
1. The word "physics" originates from a Greek word.
2. Many changes take place in nature.
3. Newton's laws of motion, are true to this day.
II. Перепишите следующие предложении и переведите их, учитывая особенности передачи на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительными
1. Students carry out their laboratory tests in modem laboratories.
2. Industry demands more and more engineers with a thorough knowledge of industry economics.
3. Radio supplies the communication service.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные степени сравнения, и переведите их на русские язык.
1. They will make many more important discoveries in the near future.
2. The more you study the better you pass your exams.
3. The Square of Independence is the most beautiful square in Minsk.
IV. Перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных отрицательных местоимений.
1. Some centuries ago people did not know anything about electricity
2. They met nobody at the station.
3. At present any person knows almost everything about this phenomenon.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов, переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. The academic year ______ in September – Present Indefinite Active глагола to begin.
2. The scientific conference ________ at our Academy last year – Past Indefinite Active глагола to take (place)
3. We ______ this problem with the help of this equation – Future Indefinite Active глагола to solve
VI. Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 9-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2,4,5, б, 8 абзацы.
2. In winter of 1730 Lomonosov left his native village and started on foot for Moscow. He reached the city in January 1731. In Moscow he entered the Slavonic-Greek-Latin Academy. It was the only institution of higher education at that time.
4. While abroad Lomonosov successfully studied philosophy, chemistry, mathematics, physics and foreign languages. He returned to St. Petersburg a well-educated man in spring of 1741 and five years later he was already a professor and an academician.
5. Lomonosov wrote several fundamental works on physics. In 1748 the scientist formulated for the first time the law of conservation of matter and movement which is now called "Lomonosov's Law". Besides research work in physics he carried on many investigations in chemistry and chemical technology.
6. Lomonosov was the founder of the first Russian University which was established in 1755; He lectured on physics, taught students and translated the works of various foreign scientists into Russian.
8. From the very first and to the end of his days Lomonosov paid particular attention to the development of Russian science and culture, to the enlightenment of the people. He set the development of-science in Russia on a firm experimental basis.
Вариант 2
I. Перешшиге следующее предложения. Определите по грамматический признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием - s, то есть служит ли оно: а) показателем 3-го лица единственного/ числа глагола в Present indefinite; б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного; в) показателем притяжательного, падежа имени существительного. Переведите предложения.
1. New houses are much more comfortable than the old ones.
2. Our Polytechnical Academy houses both physical and chemistry laboratories
3. He writes an article about this engineer's invention.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их учитывая особенности передачи на русский язык определений выраженных именами существительными.
1. Construction work on the Minsk Metro does not stop for a single day.
2. He passed his graduation examinations with excellent marks.
3. These engineers deal with cosmic ray studies.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные степени сравнения, и переведите ах.
1. In our days the industrial importance of electric power is still greater than the importance of atomic power.
2. They discussed one of the most important problems of cybernetics.
3. The more often you use English words in speech, the better you remember them.
IV. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.
1. Any student translates this text without a dictionary.
2. No one knew about this discovery.
3. Some two million people live in Minsk.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив, переведите предложения.
1. Many great men _____ at Cambridge and among them was I. Newton, the world-known English scientist and mathematician. – Past Indefinite Active глагола to study
2. The students of Cambridge University _____ all lectures. – Present Indefinite Active глагола to attend
3. The students _____ an active ______ in the preparation of the conference. – Future Indefinite Active глагола to take (part)
VI. Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 9-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2,3,4,6,8,9 абзацы.
2. His family wanted him to become a farmer, he did his best to be of use at the farm, but with no success, his mind being always busy with observing various phenomena of nature and reflecting upon them.
3. At the age of 18 he was sent to Cambridge and there he followed the ordinary mathematical courses of his time.
4. Some years after having taken his degree he was appointed professor to the chair of physics and mathematics at Cambridge.
6. The theory of gravity was developed by him when he was only 24, but some twenty years later he returned to this subject.
8. Newton deduced and calculated the force of gravity acting between the sun and the planets thus establishing the law of gravitation in its most general form. With the help of this law he found a connecting link between the mechanics of the earth and the mechanics of the heavens.
9. Ha also discovered the laws of motion which we still consider to be the basis of all calculations concerning the motion.
Newton died in 1727, at the age of 84.
Вариант 3
I .Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием - s, то есть служит ли оно: а) признаком множественного числя имени существительного; б) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа в Present Indefinite; в) показателем притяжательного, падежа имени существительного. Переведите предложения.
1. The importance of Popov's investigations in physics is clear to everybody.
2. The results of these observations will be very important.
3. Physics deals with different natural phenomena.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их учитывая особенности передачи на русский язык определений выраженных именами существительными.
1. We get weather forecasts every day.
2. The new University building houses many departments.
3. This scientist works at some problems of low temperature physics.
III. Перепишите следующие предложений, содержащие разные степени сравнения, и переведите их.
1. This engineer is one of the best oil experts in oil industry.
2. The longer is the night, the shorter is the day.
2. The longer is the night, the shorter is the day.
IV. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.
1. At some of Minsk Metro stations there are escalators.
2. Any student of our group can speak on the history of Minsk.
3. No park in our city is as popular as Gorky Park.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов, переведите предложения.
1. Classical mechanics ______ the foundation for the further development of that science. – Past Indefinite Active глагола to form
2. Physics ____ an ancient science. – Present Indefinite Active глагола to be
3. These phenomena _____ wide application in physics. – Future Indefinite Active глагола to find
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 7-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2,3,5,6 абзацы.
2. Polzunov was born in 1728, in the Urals, in the city of Ekaterinburg. He began working when he was 14 at a Ural plant and in a short period of time became an outstanding specialist in the metallurgical industry.
3. Polzunov was quite familiar with the technical problems of his day and among them with those of power engineering which was based on water wheels. In spite of the fact that the water wheels constructed by Russian specialists were the best in the world, their use at the time had one great disadvantage. They required water and because of it works and factories had to be built far from raw material sources.
5. The construction of this engine involved difficulties and hardships. Polzunov had to do almost everything with his own hands. He did all the designing and drawing. In addition to it, he created the required instruments and machine parts and made them. Such hard conditions of work completely ruined his health.
6 At last all the parts were assembled and the engine was quite ready to be put to operation. It was a machine working on steam pressure with two cylinders used by Polzunov in order to provide continuous action. The first test proved to be a success. However, Polzunov did not live to see the results of his work. He died in poverty on May 27, 1766.
Вариант 4

I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием - s, то есть служит ли оно: а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite; б) признаком множественного числа вмени существительного; в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного. Переведите предложения.
1. The exhibits of the Geography Museum tell us about the history of the development of the Earth.
2. This foreign firm exhibits new computers.
3. What is your friend's profession?
II Перепишите следующие предложение и переведите их, учитывая особенности передачи на русский язык определений, выраженных именами существительными.
1. The function of a university library is to supply the students with books and necessary information about them
2. The International Tchaikovsky Competition and the International Ballet Competition took place in Moscow.
3. This power station equipment is quite new.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащее разные степени сравнения, и переведите их.
1. This problem was much more important than that one.
2. Winter is the coldest season of the year.
3. The more exercises we do, the better we understand these grammar rules.
IV. Перепишете и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимении.
1. Some 20 students took part in sport competition.
2. Any result in our experiment is of great importance for the whole research.
3. Do you go anywhere this morning?
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видо-временные формы глаголов, переведите предложения.
1. Neither my friend nor I _________ this text. – Past Indefinite Active глагола to translate
2. In two years we ______ specialists in the field of automation – Future Indefinite Active глагола to become
3. This laboratory _______ electrical equipment for automatic shops and plants – Present Indefinite Active глагола to design
VI. Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 9-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1,3,5,6,7 абзацы.
1. The creation of the first incandescent lamp is closely connected with the name of the well-known Russian scientist and inventor, Alexander Lodygin.
3. Lodygin was born in Tambov Province in 1847. His parents gave him a military education and they wanted him to join the army. However military service didn’t interest him at all. So he resigned soon and devoted all his time to the study of engineering and the solving of technical problems.
5. In 1872 Lodygin constructed a number of incandescent lamps. These first lamps consisted of a glass bulb with a carbon rod serving as a filament.
6. In 1873 he produced an improved lamp having two carbon electrodes instead of one and a longer life.
7. Lodygin’s study of metal filaments having a high melting point is a work of world importance. It is he who introduced tungsten filaments in a vacuum.
Вариант 5
I. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи валяются слова, оформленные окончанием - s, то есть служит ли оно: а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite; б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного; в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения.
1. The first mention of Minsk dates back to 1067.
2. The doors of the Young People's Theatre are always opened to children of school age.
3. The inhabitants of Minsk are fond of their city.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, учитывая особенности передачи на русский язык определений, выраженных именами существительными.
1. There are only daylight lamps in this room
2. Not long ago our family moved into a large three-room flat.
3. The scientists developed new synthetic rubber products.
III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные степени сравнения, и переведите их.
1. Automatic devices make labour safer and easier.
2. Your translation is the best in the group.
3. The nearer is the summer, the longer are the days.
IV. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.
1. Does he know any foreign language?
2. Any exhibit of this museum is valuable.
3. No student of this group studies Spanish.
V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видо-временные формы глаголов, переведите предложения.
VI. Прочитайте и устно переведите с 1-го по 9-й абзацы, текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2,4,5,6,7,9 абзацы.
2. Franklin developed a new theory of electricity that he called positive and negative. He invented a means of protection against the disastrous effects of lightning - the lightning rod.
4. In Russia Franklin's work was received in an entirely different manner.
5. The newspaper published by the Russian Academy of Sciences wrote about "the important invention made in the North American city of Philadelphia by Mr. Benjamin Franklin who wishes to extract from the atmosphere the terrible fire which frequently destroys vast stretches of land."
6. Franklin is known and respected all over the world not only as a scientist but also as a citizen who did as much as he could for the good of his country.
7. In his early youth he worked as an apprentice and then as a printer in a newspaper. Later on, he become an editor himself, his newspaper enjoying a great popularity with his countrymen as far as he remained at the head of it.
9. Franklin is one of the broadest as well as one of the most creative minds of his time.
 

Интенсивность и неразработанность исследования этого процесса определяют необходимость исследования проблемы аббревиации, обращения к ее тщательному изучению. Интерес к специфике создания аббревиатур в разноструктурных языках и к особенностям их употребления в различных жанрах речи обусловлен тем, что аббревиация оказывается одним из способов словопроизводства, наиболее полно отвечающим требованиям современности. Все вышесказанное обуславливает актуальность темы исследования.
Объектом исследования в данной работе являются сокращения в английском языке в современном английском языке.
В качестве предмета исследования выступают особенности сокращений в английском языке.
Материалом исследования являются аббревиатуры различных видов в современном английском языке, отобранных методом сплошной выборки из словарей, газет, журналов.
Основная цель исследования состоит в изучении теоретических основ сокращений, их роли, истории, способов употребления и образования в английском языке
Достижение поставленной цели предполагает решение следующих основных задач:
– выявить структурные типы аббревиатур, характерные для современного английского языка;
– определить семантические особенности различных структурных типов аббревиатур;
– определить грамматические и фонетические особенности аббревиатур различных структурных типов;
– раскрыть характер использования аббревиатур в различных областях: научной, деловой, бытовой.
Методологическая основа исследования. Работа выполнена в соответствии с причинами всеобщей связи явлений, единств формы и содержания, причины и следствия и др. Общенаучными предпосылками исследования послужили идеи ведущих лингвистов, занимающихся разработкой вопросов заимствований и сокращений. В поле их зрения находятся проблемы типологии аббревиатур и установления критериев отграничения сложносокращенных слов от аффиксальных производных [1]; структурно-семантических, функциональных, прагматических и когнитивных особенностей сокращений [46, с. 47]; семиотической и лингвистической природы аббревиации [24, с. 16]. Однако, несмотря на большое внимание к вопросу заимствования, некоторые вопросы, например, связанные с передачей иноязычных аббревиатур на родной язык, остаются недостаточно изученными.
Методы исследования. Основной метод исследования – описательный, базирующийся на таких исследовательских приемах, как наблюдение, сопоставление, классификация и обобщение, метод сопоставительный, метод количественного подсчета.
Научная новизна работы. В работе впервые осуществлено комплексное, многоаспектное исследование сокращений в современном английском языке. Дана всесторонняя характеристика аббревиатур.
Теоретическая значимость работы заключается в определении понятий «заимствование», «аббревиатура», «сокращение», «акроним»; в определении аббревиации как явления, имеющего коммуникативную природу.
Практическая значимость работы. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы при чтении лекций и проведении семинарских занятий по курсам общего и сопоставительного языкознания, лексикологии, перевода, теоретической и практической фонетики, стилистики, грамматики, спецкурсах, посвященных проблемам аббревиации; при создании словарей неологизмов и сокращений отдельных языков, дву- и многоязычных словарей новых и сокращенных слов, логических терминов словарей в различных областях знания.
Структура и содержание работы определены составом решаемых проблем и задач. Исследование состоит из введения, четырех глав, заключения, библиографии и приложения.
 

Задание 1.
Перепишите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т. е. служит ли оно:
• -показателем 3-го лица единственного числа глагола Present Indefinite Active;
• -признаком множественного числа имени существительного;
• -показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.
Переведите предложения на русский язык.
Задание 2.
Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.
1 Application field оf a new computer is vast.
2 General-purpose computers can do many different jobs.
3. System soft are always includes an operating system, which is the «intelligence» of a computer system
Задание 3.
Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.
1 The computer of a new design is smaller in size and simpler in operation.
2 The purpose of a computer system is to make it as easy as possible for you to solve problems.
3 Work with computer system requires the highest skill.
Задание 4.
Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.
1 Some of the most common methods of inputing information are to use disks or terminals.
2 Somebody told me about special-purpose computers.
3 Are there any problems with this computing machine?
Задание 5
Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видовременные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1 Not all computers had the same type of memory.
2 Memory unit is a part of a computer which stores information.
3 I will complete data processing very soon.
Задание 6.
Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 3, 5 абзацы текста.
What is a computer?
Задание 7.
Еще раз прочитайте 2-ой абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Напишите ответ на этот вопрос, выбрав один из предложенных вариантов ответа.
What is the basic job of a computer?

 

Вариант 2

1. Translate into Russian the following word families and word combinations.
Переведите на русский язык и укажите каким способом образованы следующие слова.
2. Underline the verbs in the Passive Voice, write down in what tenses they are used and translate the sentences into Russian.
Подчеркните глаголы в пассивном (страдательном) залоге, напишите в каком из времен они употреблены и переведите предложения на русский язык.
3. Put the verbs in brackets in the proper tense (Present, Past, Future Indefinite) and voice.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в соответствующем времени (Present, Past или Future Indefinite) и залоге.
4. Change the following sentences from active to passive form (Keep the same tense with each change).
Замените активный залог на пассивный в следующих предложениях, не меняя время активного залога.
5. Translate into English using the Passive voice.
Переведите на английский язык, используя страдательный залог.
6. Change into indirect speech. Замените прямую речь косвенной.7. Underline the verbs in the object clauses, write down the tenses in which they are used and translate the sentences.
Подчеркните глаголы в придаточных предложениях, напишите в каком времени они употреблены и переведите предложения на русский язык.
8. Translate the following sentences into English using the rules of the Sequence of Tenses.
Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя правила согласования времен.
9. Match part I and part II. Соотнесите две части предложения.10. Underline the clauses and .translate the following sentences into Russian.
Подчеркните придаточное предложение. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
11. Choose the right variant. Выберите правильный вариант глагола в придаточном предложении.
13. Translate the marked paragraphs of the text into Russian.
Переведите отмеченные абзацы письменно.
14. Put all types of questions to the next sentences.
Поставьте все типы вопросов к следующим предложениям. Обозначьте тип вопроса.
15. Read the next sentences and mark the sentences, which are true to the text ("r” - right, "w" - wrong). Translate them.
16. Answer the questions on the text. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.
17. Give the title to the text. Give a brief summary of the text in
English.
Озаглавьте текст. Напишите на английском языке краткую аннотацию прочитанного текста.